Magnetic dipole moment1/13/2024 In a paramagnetic material, only a small fraction (roughly one-third) of the magnetic dipoles are aligned with the applied field. On the basis of this response, a material is said to be either paramagnetic, ferromagnetic, or diamagnetic. However, if the sample is placed in a magnetic field, these dipoles tend to align with the field (see Equation 12.14), and this alignment determines how the sample responds to the field. Consequently, the net magnetic dipole moment of the sample is zero. If no external magnetic field is present, the magnetic dipoles are randomly oriented-as many are pointed up as down, as many are pointed east as west, and so on. Table 12.1 Magnetic Moments of Some AtomsĪ handful of matter has approximately 10 26 10 26 atoms and ions, each with its magnetic dipole moment. Notice that some atoms have a zero net dipole moment and that the magnitudes of the nonvanishing moments are typically 10 −23 A Values of μ μ for several types of atoms are given in Table 12.1. For a particular atom, the net magnetic dipole moment is the vector sum of the magnetic dipole moments. Both types of motion produce current loops and therefore magnetic dipoles. Within an atom, every electron travels in an orbit and spins on an internal axis. Why are certain materials magnetic and others not? And why do certain substances become magnetized by a field, whereas others are unaffected? To answer such questions, we need an understanding of magnetism on a microscopic level. Define hysteresis and magnetic susceptibility, which determines the type of magnetic material.Sketch how magnetic dipoles align with the magnetic field in each type of substance.Classify magnetic materials as paramagnetic, diamagnetic, or ferromagnetic, based on their response to a magnetic field.By the end of this section, you will be able to:
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